狄德罗 英汉双语简介（法国）

Diderot（France）

狄德罗(1713-1784)，法国启蒙思想家，唯物主义哲学家、无神论者、文学家。出身于手工业者家庭，曾学过法律。1746年发表具有明显反封建、反宗教倾向的《哲学思想录》，被巴黎议会下令焚毁。1749年发表《供明眼人参考的谈盲人的信》，批判宗教和神学，论述了他的无神论和唯物主义思想，因而被宗教和封建统治当局以传播危险思想的罪名投入监狱。出狱后他着手主持编纂《百科全书》达二十年之久，并把它作为重要的革命舆论阵地。通过《百科全书》的编辑工作，他团结和组织了一大批先进的知识分子，从而成为百科全书派的领袖。主要著作有《哲学思想录》、《对自然的解释》、《拉摩的侄儿》、《关于物质和运动的哲学原理》等。

在哲学基本问题上，狄德罗坚持唯物主义的基本立场，认为物质是唯一的实体，物质之外不存在超自然的“理性实体”或上帝。自然界由“物质元素”组成，“物质元素”为数无穷，多种多样,构成各种不同事物。认为运动是物质的根本属性,时间、空间和运动不可分离。

在认识论上，狄德罗坚持唯物主义的反映论，认为物质世界是独立存在的，一切知识都来源于感觉经验。他提出观察、思考和实验相结合的认识方法，提出理智的事物要与外界事物相一致，实验是辨别认识真假的标准。但他不懂得理性认识的本质和科学抽象的作用，认为抽象只不过是一个没有观念的记号。

狄德罗的哲学思想虽未超出机械唯物主义的范围，但具有丰富的辩证法因素。他认为自由是人的天赋权利。他认为宗教是愚味无知的产物，宣称“上帝是没有的，上帝创造世界是一种妄想”，直到临死前，他还愤怒地拒绝神父要他背弃无神论的劝告。他重视教育的作用，主张学校向所有的儿童开放，并从教会手中收回。在美学上，他反对“纯艺术”，坚持“美”和“真”的联系。提出画家应该不以古人而以自然为师。主张创作“严肃的喜剧”，用日常语言、流利的散文而不用典雅的诗句来表现市民的家庭生活与社会关系，号召作家到农民茅舍里去寻找题材。

Diderot (1713-1784) ，born in a handicraft family，and once studied law，was a French enlightenment thinker, materialist philosopher, atheist, and writer. In 1746, he published Philosophical Thoughts with obvious anti feudal and anti religious tendencies, which was ordered to be burned by the Paris Parliament. In 1749, he published A Letter on the Blind for the Reference of the Bright Eyed, criticizing religion and theology, discussing his atheism and materialism, and was jailed by the religious and feudal ruling authorities for spreading dangerous ideas. After he was released from prison, he set about compiling the Encyclopedia for 20 years, and took it as an important position of revolutionary public opinion. Through the editing work of Encyclopedia, he united and organized a large number of advanced intellectuals, thus becoming the leader of the Encyclopedia School. His main works are Philosophical Thoughts, Interpretation of Nature, Ramos Nephew, Philosophical Principles of Matter and Motion, etc.

On the basic issues of philosophy, Diderot insisted on the basic position of materialism, believing that matter is the only entity, and there is no supernatural rational entity or God outside of matter. The nature is composed of material elements, which are infinite in number and diverse, forming various things. It is believed that motion is the fundamental attribute of matter, and time, space and motion cannot be separated.

In epistemology, Diderot insisted on the materialistic theory of reflection, believing that the material world exists independently, and all knowledge comes from sensory experience. He put forward the cognitive method of combining observation, thinking and experiment, and proposed that the rational things should be consistent with the external things, and experiment is the standard to distinguish the true from the false. But he did not understand the essence of rational knowledge and the role of scientific abstraction, and believed that abstraction was just a sign without ideas.

Although Diderots philosophical thought does not go beyond the scope of mechanical materialism, it has rich dialectical factors. He believed that freedom was a natural right of man. He believed that religion was the product of ignorance and declared that God does not exist, and God created the world in a delusion. Until his death, he angrily refused the priests advice that he should abandon atheism. He attached importance to the role of education, and advocated that schools should be open to all children and taken back from the church. In aesthetics, he opposed pure art and insisted on the connection between beauty and truth. It is suggested that painters should learn from nature instead of the ancients. He advocated the creation of serious comedies, and expressed the family life and social relations of citizens with daily language and fluent prose instead of elegant poetry. He called on writers to look for themes in farmers cottages.