化妆品Cosmetics'知识

化妆品的英文是Cosmetics

化妆品由衍生自天然来源或合成产生的化合物的混合物构成。设计用于护肤的化妆品可用于清洁，去角质和保护皮肤，以及使用清洁剂，爽肤水，血清，保湿剂和香膏来补充它;设计用于更多一般个人护理的化妆品，如洗发水和沐浴露，可用于清洁身体;化妆品旨在增强一个人的外观（化妆）可用于隐藏瑕疵，增强一个人的天然特征（如眉毛和睫毛），将颜色添加到一个人的脸部，并且在用于表演的更极端形式的化妆品的情况下，时装秀和服装中的人，可以用来完全改变面部的外观，以类似于不同的人，生物或物体。化妆品也可以设计为对身体添加香味。

Cosmetics are constituted from a mixture of chemical compounds derived from either natural sources or synthetically created ones. Cosmetics designed for skin care can be used to cleanse, exfoliate and protect the skin, as well as replenishing it, through the use of cleansers, toners, serums, moisturizers, and balms; cosmetics designed for more general personal care, such as shampoo and body wash, can be used to cleanse the body; cosmetics designed to enhance ones appearance (makeup) can be used to conceal blemishes, enhance ones natural features (such as the eyebrows and eyelashes), add color to a persons face and, in the case of more extreme forms of makeup used for performances, fashion shows and people in costume, can be used to change the appearance of the face entirely to resemble a different person, creature or object. Cosmetics can also be designed to add fragrance to the body.

虽然大多数国家的化妆品的法律定义更广泛，但在一些西方国家，化妆品通常仅用于唇膏，睫毛膏，眼影，基础，腮红，荧光笔，古铜色化妆品和其他几种产品类型。在美国，调节化妆品的食品和药物管理局（FDA），将化妆品定义为产品“旨在应用于人体进行清洁，美化，促进吸引力，或改变外观而不会影响身体的情况结构或功能“。这种广泛的定义包括任何用于用作化妆品成分的材料，FDA专门从该类别中排除纯肥皂。

Though the legal definition of cosmetics in most countries is broader, in some Western countries, cosmetics are commonly taken to mean only makeup products, such as lipstick, mascara, eye shadow, foundation, blush, highlighter, bronzer, and several other product types. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which regulates cosmetics, defines cosmetics as products intended to be applied to the human body for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness, or altering the appearance without affecting the bodys structure or functions. This broad definition includes any material intended for use as an ingredient of a cosmetic product, with the FDA specifically excluding pure soap from this category.

类型

虽然用于各种不同的目的使用的大量不同的化妆品，但所有化妆品通常旨在在外部应用。这些产品可以应用于面部（在皮肤，嘴唇，眉毛和眼睛上），身体（在皮肤上，特别是手和指甲），以及头发。这些产品可能旨在用作护肤，个人护理或改变外观，其中包括化妆品的化妆品，主要是指含有彩色颜料的产品，用于改变穿着者的外观; 一些制造商将仅区分旨在改变外观和“护理”化妆品的“装饰性”化妆品，这些化妆品设计用于护肤和个人护理。

Types

Though there are a large number of differing cosmetics used for a variety of different purposes, all cosmetics are typically intended to be applied externally. These products can be applied to the face (on the skin, lips, eyebrows and eyes), to the body (on the skin, in particular the hands and nails), and to the hair. These products may be intended for use as skincare, personal care or to alter the appearance, with the subset of cosmetics known as makeup primarily referring to products containing colour pigments intended for the purpose of altering the wearers appearance; some manufacturers will distinguish only between decorative cosmetics intended to alter the appearance and care cosmetics designed for skincare and personal care.

大多数化妆品也包括用于应用的身体面积，用化妆品设计用于通常用刷子，化妆海绵或指尖施加的面部和眼部区域。

Most cosmetics are also distinguished by the area of the body intended for application, with cosmetics designed to be used on the face and eye area usually applied with a brush, a makeup sponge, or the fingertips.

装饰性化妆品

Decorative cosmetics

上妆前在脸上使用底漆，在皮肤上形成典型的透明光滑层，使化妆品能够顺利均匀地涂抹。一些底漆也可以着色，这种色调可以与佩戴者的肤色相匹配，或者可以对其进行颜色校正，使用绿色、橙色和紫色来均匀佩戴者的肤色并分别校正红色、紫色阴影或橙色变色。

Primers

are used on the face before makeup is applied, creating a typically transparent, smooth layer over the top of the skin, allowing for makeup to be applied smoothly and evenly. Some primers may also be tinted, and this tint may match the wearers skin tone, or may colour correct it, using greens, oranges and purples to even out the wearers skin tone and correct redness, purple shadows or orange discolouration respectively.

Liquid concealer(液体遮瑕膏)

遮瑕膏是一种乳霜或液体产品，用于遮盖皮肤的痕迹或瑕疵。遮瑕膏通常是用户肤色的颜色，通常在面部打底后涂抹，以在涂抹粉底之前均匀肤色。遮瑕膏通常比粉底或有色底漆着色更重，覆盖度更高，更厚。虽然遮瑕膏在色素和稠度方面通常比粉底更重，但有许多不同的配方适用于不同的使用风格 - 例如用于眼睛的较轻的遮瑕膏和用于舞台化妆的较重的遮瑕膏 - 以及色彩校正遮瑕膏旨在平衡皮肤的变色。

Concealer

is a cream or liquid product used to conceal marks or blemishes of the skin. Concealer is typically the colour of the users skin tone, and is generally applied after the face has been primed to even out the wearers skin tone before foundation can be applied. Concealer is usually more heavily pigmented, higher coverage and thicker than foundation or tinted primers. Though concealer is often more heavy duty in terms of pigment and consistency than foundation, a number of different formulations intended for different styles of use - such as a lighter concealer for the eyes and a heavier concealer for stage makeup - are available, as well as colour correcting concealers intended to balance out discolouration of the skin specifically.

Thick, unblended foundation

on skin(粘稠,未混合的粉底在皮肤上)

粉底是一种霜状、液体、摩丝或粉状产品，可涂抹于整个面部，为用户的肤色打造光滑均匀的底妆。粉底提供的覆盖量通常低于遮瑕膏，并且以可以为皮肤提供透明、哑光、水润或全面覆盖的配方出售。

Foundation

is a cream, liquid, mousse or powder product applied to the entirety of the face to create a smooth and even base in the users skin tone. Foundation provides a generally lower amount of coverage than concealer, and is sold in formulations that can provide sheer, matte, dewy or full coverage to the skin.

A rouge compact with a mirror and brush(

带镜子和刷子的胭脂粉饼)

胭脂、腮红或腮红是一种涂抹在脸颊中央的液体、乳霜或粉状产品，旨在增加或增强其自然色彩。腮红通常有粉红色或暖棕褐色和棕色，也可用于使颧骨看起来更清晰。

Rouge, blush, or blusher

is a liquid, cream or powder product applied to the centre of the cheeks with the intention of adding or enhancing their natural colour. Blushers are typically available in shades of pink or warm tan and brown, and may also be used to make the cheekbones appear more defined.

古铜色化妆品是一种粉末、乳霜或液体产品，可为皮肤增添色彩，通常采用古铜色或棕褐色色调，旨在赋予皮肤晒黑的外观并增强面部颜色。古铜色与荧光笔一样，也可能含有提供微光或闪光效果的物质， 并且有哑光、半哑光、缎面或微光饰面。

Bronzer

is a powder, cream or liquid product that adds colour to the skin, typically in bronze or tan shades intended to give the skin a tanned appearance and enhance the colour of the face. Bronzer, like highlighter, may also contain substances providing a shimmer or glitter effect, and comes in either matte, semi-matte, satin, or shimmer finishes.

This person is wearing highlighter on their cheekbones

and their outer browbone, beneath the eyebrow

此人在颧骨和眉骨下方，眉毛下方涂有荧光笔

荧光粉是一种液体、乳霜或粉末产品，适用于面部的高处，如眉毛、鼻子和颧骨。荧光笔通常添加物质，提供微光或闪光效果。或者，可以使用较浅色调的粉底或遮瑕膏作为荧光粉。

Highlighter

is a liquid, cream or powder product applied to the high points of the face such as the eyebrows, nose and cheekbones. Highlighter commonly has substances added providing a shimmer or glitter effect. Alternatively, a lighter toned foundation or concealer can be used as a highlighter.

眉笔、膏霜、蜡、凝胶和粉末用于着色、填充和定义眉毛。眉毛染色处理也用于将眉毛暂时或永久染成较深的颜色，而不会使眉毛下方的皮肤染色和着色。

Eyebrow pencils, creams, waxes, gels, and powders

are used to color, fill in, and define the brows. Eyebrow tinting treatments are also used to dye the eyebrow hairs a darker colour, either temporarily or permanently, without staining and colouring the skin underneath the eyebrows.

An eye shadow palette with a wide variety of colors.

具有多种颜色的眼影调色板。

眼影是一种粉末、乳霜或液体着色产品，用于引起人们对眼睛周围、眼睑和眉毛下方空间的注意、强调和改变形状。眼影通常使用眼影刷涂抹，刷毛通常小而圆，但液体和乳霜配方也可以用手指涂抹。眼影几乎有所有颜色可供选择，并以多种不同饰面出售，从具有透明覆盖的哑光饰面到光泽、闪亮、闪光和高度着色的饰面。许多不同颜色和饰面的眼影可以组合成一种外观并混合在一起以达到不同的效果。

紫色眼影旨在营造深度错觉并吸引人们对眼睛的注意。

Eyeshadow

is a powder, cream or liquid pigmented product used to draw attention to, accentuate and change the shape of the area around the eyes, on the eyelid and the space below the eyebrows. Eyeshadow is typically applied using an eyeshadow brush, with generally small and rounded bristles, though liquid and cream formulations may also be applied with the fingers. Eyeshadow is available in almost every colour, as well as being sold in a number of different finishes, ranging from matte finishes with sheer coverage to glossy, shimmery, glittery and highly pigmented finishes. Many different colours and finishes of eyeshadow may be combined in one look and blended together to achieve different effects.

Dark teal eye liner along the rim of the eye

(沿眼缘画上深青色眼线)

眼线笔

用于增强和拉长眼睛的表观大小或深度；虽然眼线笔通常是黑色的，但它可以有许多不同的颜色，包括棕色、白色和蓝色。眼线笔可以是铅笔、凝胶或液体的形式。

Eyeliner

is used to enhance and elongate the apparent size or depth of the eye; though eyeliner is commonly black, it can come in many different colours, including brown, white and blue. Eyeliner can come in the form of a pencil, a gel or a liquid.

False eyelash packages

假睫毛用于延长、夸大和增加睫毛的体积。假睫毛通常由一条小条带组成，上面附着人的、水貂的或合成的头发，通常使用胶水将假睫毛涂在睫毛线上，胶水可以是乳胶和不含乳胶的品种；也可使用磁性假睫毛，在涂上磁性眼线后贴在眼睑上。设计的长度和颜色各不相同，水钻、宝石、羽毛和蕾丝可用作假睫毛设计。假睫毛不是永久性的，可以用手指轻松取下。睫毛扩展是实现这种外观的更持久的方式。每套持续两到三周，然后可以填充，类似于亚克力指甲的保养。要申请延长，认证的睫毛艺术家将首先用胶带粘住底部的睫毛。然后睫毛师会使用两把镊子，一把用来隔离自然睫毛，一把用来贴假睫毛。使用专门用于此过程的睫毛胶将一根假睫毛或睫毛扇涂在一根天然睫毛上。睫毛不应该粘在一起。假睫毛的长度和厚度对于自然睫毛来说不应太重。如果此过程正确完成，则不会对天然睫毛造成伤害。

False eyelashes

are used to extend, exaggerate and add volume to the eyelashes. Consisting generally of a small strip to which hair - either human, mink or synthetic - is attached, false eyelashes are typically applied to the lash line using glue, which can come in latex and latex free varieties; magnetic false eyelashes, which attach to the eyelid after magnetic eyeliner is applied, are also available. Designs vary in length and colour, with rhinestones, gems, feathers and lace available as false eyelash designs. False eyelashes are not permanent, and can be easily taken off with the fingers. Eyelash extensions are a more permanent way to achieve this look. Each set lasts for two to three weeks, then the set can be filled, similar to the maintenance of acrylic nails. To apply to extensions the certified lash artist would start by taping down the bottom eyelashes. The lash artist would then use two tweezers, one to isolate the natural eyelash and one to apply the false eyelash. An individual false eyelash, or lash fan, is applied to one natural eyelash using a lash glue specific for this process. The eyelashes should not be stuck together. The length and thickness of the false lash should not be to heavy for the natural eyelash. If this process is done correctly no harm will be done to the natural eyelashes.

A mascara tube and a wand applicator

(睫毛膏管和魔杖涂抹器)

睫毛膏用于通过使用带有螺旋毛睫毛膏刷的典型浓稠膏状产品来使睫毛变暗、变长、变浓或增强睫毛。睫毛膏通常是黑色、棕色或透明的，但也有多种不同的颜色可供选择，其中一些含有闪光。睫毛膏通常以多种不同的配方进行广告和销售，这些配方宣传诸如防水、增强体积、增强长度和增强卷曲等品质，并且可以与睫毛夹结合使用以增强睫毛的自然卷曲度。

Mascara being applied.

Mascara

is used to darken, lengthen, thicken, or enhance the eyelashes through the use of a typically thick, cream consistency product applied with a spiral bristle mascara brush. Mascara is commonly black, brown or clear, though a number of different colours, some containing glitter, are available. Mascara is typically advertised and sold in a number of different formulations that advertise qualities such as waterproofing, volume enhancement, length enhancement and curl enhancement, and may be used in combination with an eyelash curler to enhance the natural curl of the eyelashes.

Metal singer Marilyn Manson helped popularize dark lipsticks in alternative subcultures.金属歌手玛丽莲·曼森 (Marilyn Manson) 帮助在另类亚文化中普及了深色唇膏.

Lip gloss being applied with a retractable lip brush.

唇部产品，包括口红、唇彩、唇线笔和润唇膏。唇部产品通常会为双唇增添色彩和质地，同时还能滋润双唇并勾勒出唇部的外缘。为双唇增添色彩和质感的产品，如唇膏和唇彩，通常有多种颜色，以及许多不同的饰面，如哑光饰面和缎面或光泽饰面。其他类型的唇彩产品，例如唇彩，会用染料暂时浸透双唇，通常不会改变双唇的质地。唇彩产品和唇线笔都可以防水，可以直接涂抹在嘴唇上，用刷子或用手指。润唇膏虽然旨在滋润和保护双唇（例如通过添加紫外线防护），但也可能会使双唇着色。

Lip liner

A child with lipstick

Lip products, including lipstick, lip gloss, lip liner and lip balms.

Lip products commonly add colour and texture to the lips, as well as serving to moisturise the lips and define their external edges. Products adding colour and texture to the lips, such as lipsticks and lip glosses, often come in a wide range of colours, as well as a number of different finishes, such as matte finishes and satin or glossy finishes. Other styles of lip colouration products such as lip stains temporarily saturate the lips with a dye, and typically do not alter the texture of the lips. Both lip colour products and lip liners may be waterproof, and may be applied directly to the lips, with a brush, or with the fingers. Lip balms, though designed to moisturise and protect the lips (such as through the addition of UV protection) may also tint the lips.

An advertisement for Max Factors Creme Puff face powder from 1954

1954 年 Max Factor Creme Puff 粉饼的广告

蜜粉、定妆粉或定妆喷雾用于“定型”粉底或遮瑕膏，赋予其哑光或一致的妆效，同时还能隐藏小瑕疵或瑕疵。粉末和定型喷雾都声称可以防止化妆品被皮肤吸收或融化。虽然定型喷雾通常不着色，但定型粉和蜜粉有半透明或有色两种，可用于烘烤粉底，使其在脸上停留更长时间。有色粉饼也可以单独使用而无需粉底或遮瑕膏，以提供极其透明的覆盖基础。

Loose face powder in three different shades(

三种不同色调的散粉)

Face powder,

setting powder or setting sprays are used to set foundation or concealer, giving it a matte or consistent finish whilst also concealing small flaws or blemishes. Both powders and setting sprays claim to keep makeup from absorbing into the skin or melting off. Whilst setting sprays are generally not tinted, setting powder and face powder can come in translucent or tinted varieties, and can be used to bake foundation in order for it to stay longer on the face. Tinted face powders may also be worn alone without foundation or concealer to give an extremely sheer coverage base.

The safety of nail polish was examined in the fall 2014 issue of Ms. magazine.

(《女士》杂志2014年秋季刊考察了指甲油的安全性)

指甲油是一种用于为指甲和脚趾甲着色的液体。透明、无色的指甲油可用于强化指甲或用作面漆或底漆以保护指甲或指甲油。指甲油和眼影一样，几乎有所有颜色和多种不同饰面，包括哑光、微光、亮光和裂纹饰面。

Nail polish

is a liquid used to colour the fingernails and toenails. Transparent, colorless nail polishes may be used to strengthen nails or be used as a top or base coat to protect the nail or nail polish. Nail polish, like eyeshadow, is available in almost every colour and a number of different finishes, including matte, shimmer, glossy and crackle finishes.

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