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为促进葡萄酒行业发展，提升全民品鉴水准，现把《葡萄酒品酒十六条》相关

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How to Taste Wine

So, want to learn how to taste and evaluate a glass of wine like an expert? Easy. Follow our wine tasting tips below—but before you start sipping, make sure you’re in the right tasting environment. Here’s what that means:

如何品酒

那么想要学习如何品尝和评价一杯葡萄酒，就像专家一样？简单。请遵循以下品酒提示，但在开始啜饮之前，请确认你是处于恰当的品尝环境。这意思是——

Good Tasting Conditions

First things first: Make note of the circumstances surrounding your wine tasting experience that may affect your impressions of the wine. For instance, a noisy or crowded room makes concentration difficult. Cooking smells, perfume and even pet odor can destroy your ability to get a clear sense of a wine’s aromas. A glass that is too small, the wrong shape, or smells of detergent or dust, can also affect the wine’s flavor.

The temperature of the wine will also have an impact on your impressions, as will the age of the wine and any residual flavors from whatever else you’ve been eating or drinking. You want to neutralize the tasting conditions as much as possible, so the wine has a fair chance to stand on its own. If a wine is served too cold, warm it with your hands by cupping the bowl. If a glass seems musty, give it a quick rinse with wine, not water, swirling it around to cover all the sides of the bowl. This is called conditioning the glass. Finally, if there are strong aromas nearby—especially perfume—walk as far away from them as you can and try to find some neutral air.

1，恰当的品酒环境

第一件事：注意你品酒经历中可能影响你对葡萄酒印象的情况。例如，嘈杂或拥挤的房间使注意力难以集中。烹饪气味、香水甚至宠物气味都会破坏你对葡萄酒香气的清晰理解能力。杯子太小，形状不对，或是残留洗衣粉或灰尘的味道，也会影响葡萄酒的味道。

葡萄酒的温度也会对你的印象产生影响，葡萄酒的年龄和其他任何你吃或喝的东西的味道都会有影响。你要尽可能地中和品尝条件，这样酒就有机会独立表现。如果葡萄酒太凉了，用碗把它热一下。如果一个杯子看起来发霉了，用葡萄酒快速冲洗，不要用水，把它旋转，盖住碗的两边。这被称为调试玻璃杯。最后，如果附近有浓郁的香气，尤其是香水，尽可能远离它们，并尝试寻找一些中性的空气。

Evaluating by Sight

Once your tasting conditions are as close to neutral as possible, your next step is to examine the wine in your glass. It should be about one-third full. Loosely follow these steps to evaluate the wine visually。

2，目视评估

一旦你的品尝条件接近中性，你的下一步是检查你玻璃杯中的酒量， 它应该是大约三分之一满。 并从容地按照下列步骤来视觉评估葡萄酒。

Straight Angle View

First, look straight down into the glass, then hold the glass to the light, and finally, give it a tilt, so the wine rolls toward its edges. This will allow you to see the wine’s complete color range, not just the dark center.

Looking down, you get a sense of the depth of color, which gives a clue to the density and saturation of the wine. You will also learn to identify certain grapes by color and scent. A deeply-saturated, purple-black color might well be Syrah orZinfandel, while a lighter, pale brick shade would suggest Pinot Noir orSangiovese.

3，直视角

首先，直视玻璃，然后把玻璃杯放在灯前，最后倾斜一下，这样酒就向边缘滚去。这将让你看到葡萄酒的完整的颜色范围，而不仅仅是一个深色体。

往下看，你会感觉到颜色的深浅，这就给你提供了葡萄酒的密度和饱和度的线索。你还将学会借助颜色和气味辨别某些葡萄。一个深度饱和，紫黑色，很可能是西拉或者仙粉黛，而清浅的，浅砖红色意味着黑比诺或桑娇维塞。

Side View

Viewing the wine through the side of the glass held in light shows you how clear it is.

A murky wine might be a wine with chemical or fermentation problems. On the other hand, it might just be a wine that was unfiltered or has some sediment due to be shaken up before being poured. A wine that looks clear and brilliant and shows some sparkle, is always a good sign.

4，侧视角

透过酒杯的侧面在光线下观察葡萄酒，可以看得很真切。

浑浊的葡萄酒可能是带有化学或发酵问题的葡萄酒。另一方面，它也可能只是一种未经过滤或有沉淀物的酒，因为在倾倒之前被摇匀。一款看起来清澈明亮、闪闪发光的葡萄酒，总是一个好预示。

Tilted View

Tilting the glass so the wine thins out toward the rim will provide clues to the wine’s age and weight.

If the color looks quite pale and watery near its edge, it suggests a rather thin, possibly insipid wine. If the color looks tawny or brown (for a white wine) or orange or rusty brick (for a red wine) it is either an older wine or a wine that has been oxidized and may be past its prime.

5，倾斜视角

倾斜酒杯，使葡萄酒向边缘倾斜，将为葡萄酒的年份和酒体提供线索。

如果颜色在边缘附近看起来相当苍白和含水，那么它表明酒体薄，可能是平淡索味的葡萄酒。 如果颜色看起来像黄褐色或棕色（白葡萄酒）或橙色或锈砖色（红葡萄酒），它可能是一种较老的葡萄酒或已被氧化并可能过了黄金期的葡萄酒。

Swirl

Finally, give the glass a good swirl. You can swirl it most easily by keeping it firmly on a flat surface; open air “freestyle” swirling is not recommended for beginners.

Notice if the wine forms “legs” or “tears” that run down the sides of the glass. Wines that have good legs are wines with more alcohol and glycerin content, which generally indicates that they are bigger, riper, more mouth-filling and dense than those that do not.

6，旋转

最后，给玻璃杯打个旋。你可以通过把它牢牢地固定在平坦的表面上，这样最容易旋转；不建议初学者随手乱甩。

注意，是否葡萄酒形成“腿”或“眼泪”，沿酒杯的两侧运行。有良好的酒腿葡萄酒都是更多的酒精和甘油含量的葡萄酒，这通常表明他们是酒体丰满，成熟的，更多的口感和密度的——比那些没有酒腿的。

Evaluating by Sniff

Now that you’ve given the wine a good look, you’re ready to take a good sniff. Give the glass a swirl, but don’t bury your nose inside it. Instead, you want to hover over the top like a helicopter pilot surveying rush hour traffic. Take a series of quick, short sniffs, then step away and let the information filter through to your brain.

There are many guides to help you train your nose to identify key wine fragrances, both good and bad. There are potentially thousands of aroma components in a glass of good wine, so don't forget about finding them all. Naming all the fruits, flowers, herbs and other scents you can trowel out of the glass can be a fun game, but it’s not essential to enjoying and learning how to taste wine. Once you’ve taken a few quick, short sniffs of the wine, try to look for the following aromas, which will help you better understand the wine’s characteristics.

7，嗅觉评估

既然你已经把酒好好看了一番，你就可以好好吸一口了。给酒杯打个旋，但不要把鼻子埋在里面。相反，你想象像测量高峰时刻的交通的直升机飞行员那样在上空盘旋。采取一系列快速、短促吸气动作，然后移开，让信息渗透到你的大脑。

有很多指南可以帮助你训练你的鼻子识别指标性的葡萄酒香味，包括好的和坏的。在一杯好酒中可能含有数千种香气成分，所以别忘了找到它们。命名所有的水果、花卉、药材和其他气味可以是一个有趣的游戏，但它不是享受和学习如何品尝葡萄酒的关键。一旦你已经采取了一些快速掠过、短吸酒的方式，试图寻找以下的气味，这将有助于你更好地了解葡萄酒的特点。

Wine Flaws

First, you want to look for off-aromas that indicate a wine is spoiled. A wine that is corked will smell like a musty old attic and taste like a wet newspaper. This is a terminal, unfixable flaw.

A wine that has been bottled with a strong dose of SO2 will smell like burnt matches; this will blow off if you give it a bit of vigorous swirling.

A smell of vinegar indicates VA (volatile acidity); a nail polish smell is ethyl acetate.

Brettanomyces—an undesirable yeast that reeks of sweaty saddle scents. A little bit of “brett” gives red wines an earthy, leathery component; but too much obliterates all the flavors of fruit.

Learning to identify these common flaws is at least as important as reciting the names of all the fruits and flowers. And it will also help you to understand your own palate sensitivities and blind spots. Discovering what you recognize and enjoy is key to learning how to choose wine on your own.

8，葡萄酒的缺陷

首先，你要寻找一种表明葡萄酒变质的香味。如果葡萄酒鼻子闻起来像发霉的旧阁楼里的味道，像一张潮湿的报纸。这是绝症，不可救药。

一杯用强力二氧化硫装瓶的葡萄酒闻起来会像烧焦的火柴，如果你给杯中酒一点有力的旋转，这气味就会被吹走。

醋的气味表明VA（挥发性酸度）；指甲油的气味是乙酸乙酯。

酒香酵母，散发出不良酵母汗湿的马鞍臭味。一点点的“布雷特”给红葡萄酒带来坚韧的泥土、皮革风味；但用多了会驱除所有的水果风味。

学会辨别这些常见的缺陷至少和背诵所有水果和花卉的名字一样重要。它还可以帮助你了解自己的味觉敏感性和盲点。学会辨识和欣赏是学习如何自己选择葡萄酒的关键。

Fruit Aromas

If there are no obvious off-aromas, look for fruit aromas. Wine is made from grapes, so it should smell like fresh fruit, unless it is very old, very sweet, or very cold.

You can learn to look for specific fruits and grapes, and many grapes will show a spectrum of possible fruit scents that help you to identify the growing conditions—cool climate, moderate or very warm—of the vineyard.

9，水果的香味

如果没有明显的异味，寻找水果的香味。葡萄酒是由葡萄制成的，所以它应该闻起来像新鲜水果，除非它非常古老，非常甜，或者非常冷。

你可以学习寻找特定的水果和葡萄，许多葡萄会显示出一系列可能的水果气味，帮助你辨别葡萄生长的环境，葡萄园是处于凉爽的气候，还是适中或非常温暖的。

Flowers, Leaves, Herbs, Spices & Vegetables

Floral aromas are particularly common in cool climate white wines like Rieslingand Gewürztraminer, and some Rhône varieties, including Viognier.

Some other grapes can be expected to carry herbal or grassy scents. Sauvignon Blanc is often strongly grassy, while Cabernet Sauvignon can be scented with herbs and hints of vegetation. Rhône reds often show delightful scents of Provençal herbs. Most people prefer that any herbal aromas are delicate. The best wine aromas are complex but also balanced, specific but also harmonious.

Another group of common wine aromas might be characterized as earthy. Scents of mushroom, damp earth, leather and rock can exist in many red wines. A mushroom smell can add nuance; it can also help you determine a possible grape or place of origin of the wine. Too much mushroom may just mean that the grapes failed to ripen sufficiently, or were from an inferior clone.

The scent of horse or tack room leather can be an accent, but too much can indicate brettanomyces.

Scents of earth, mineral and rock sometimes exist in the very finest white and red wines. These can be indications of “terroir”—the particular conditions of the vineyard that are expressed as specific scents and flavors in the finished wine.

10，花，叶，草药，香料和蔬菜

花卉香气在凉爽气候的白葡萄酒如雷司令和Gewürztraminer以及一些罗纳风味的品种中尤其常见，包括维奥尼尔（Viognier）。

可以预期其他一些葡萄可以携带草药或草香。长相思白葡萄酒通常是强烈的草香，而赤霞珠可能会是香草和植物香味。罗讷红经常显示出普罗旺斯草药的令人愉快的气味。大多数人喜欢各种草药细腻香气。最好的葡萄酒香气是复杂的，但也是平衡的，特征明显的，和谐的。

另一组常见的葡萄酒香气可能是泥土味的。许多红葡萄酒中都含有蘑菇、潮湿的泥土、皮革和岩石的气味。蘑菇气味可能有细微差别；它还可以帮助你确定葡萄和葡萄酒的原产地。太多的蘑菇味可能仅仅意味着葡萄没有充分成熟，或者是来自一个低等的克隆。

马或马房皮革的气味可以是一种标识，但味道太重可能是酒香酵母。

地球，矿物和岩石的气味有时存在于最优质的白葡萄酒和红葡萄酒中。这些可以指示“风土” —— 葡萄园的特定条件，呈现为成品酒中的特定香味和风味。

Wine Barrel Aromas

If you smell toast, smoke, vanilla, chocolate, espresso, roasted nuts, or even caramel in a wine, you are most likely picking up scents from aging in new oak barrels.

Depending upon a multitude of factors, including the type of oak, the way the barrels were made, the age of the barrels, the level of char and the way the winemaker has mixed and matched them, barrels can impart a vast array of scents and flavors to finished wines. Think of the barrels as a winemaker’s color palette, to be used the way a painter uses tubes of paint.

11，葡萄酒桶的香气

如果你闻到烤面包、烟、香草、巧克力、意大利浓咖啡、烤坚果甚至焦糖的味道，你很可能闻到的是新橡木桶的香味。

根据许多因素，包括橡木的种类，桶的制造方式，桶的年龄，炭化程度和酿酒师混合搭配的方式，桶可以带给成酒大量的香味和 口味。 将桶作为酿酒师的调色板，以画家使用油漆管的方式使用。

取决于多种因素，包括橡木桶的类型、方式进行，桶的年龄，水平字符和酿酒师混合和匹配他们的方式，桶可以传递大量的气味和口味的成品酒。可以把桶想象为酿酒师的调色板，就像画家作画那样。

Secondary Aromas

Young white wines and young sparkling wines may have a scent very reminiscent of beer. This is from the yeast.

Some dessert wines smell strongly of honey; this is evidence of botrytis, often called noble rot, and is typical of the very greatest Sauternes.

Chardonnays that smell of buttered popcorn or caramel have most likely been put through a secondary, malolactic fermentation, which converts malic to lactic acids, softening the wines and opening up the aromas.

Older wines have more complex, less fruity aromas. A fully mature wine can offer an explosion of highly nuanced scents, beautifully co-mingled and virtually impossible to name. It is pure pleasure.

Nonetheless, the effort to put words to wine aromas helps you focus on, understand and retain your impressions of different wines. You want to build a memory bank of wine smells and their meanings. That is where the language of wine can add value to a wine tasting event. Learning to talk the talk, if not carried to extremes, helps to dispel some wine myths, such as the confusion surrounding descriptions on wine labels.

12，次要香气

年轻的白葡萄酒和年轻的起泡葡萄酒可能会有一种让人想起啤酒的香味。它来自酵母。

一些甜葡萄酒的蜂蜜味道很强烈;这是经常被称为“贵腐”的葡萄酒的证据，是典型的最伟大的苏特恩葡萄酒味道。

霞多丽的黄油爆米花或焦糖的味道最有可能是通过二次乳酸发酵得来，将苹果酸转化为乳酸，软化葡萄酒和开放香气。

较老的葡萄酒具有更复杂的、果味较少的香味。完全成熟的葡萄酒散发出微妙的香气，不可名状，乐趣无穷。

尽管如此，将葡萄酒香气做文字标注有助于您专注、理解和保留对不同葡萄酒的印象。你要建立一个有关葡萄酒气味及其含义记忆库。葡萄酒的语言可以为品酒活动增添价值。学会像个专业人士那样说话，如果不走极端的话，有助于消除一些酒的谜团，例如像葡萄酒标签上那混乱的描述。

Evaluating by Taste

It’s finally time to taste! Take a sip, not a large swallow, of wine into your mouth and try sucking on it as if pulling it through a straw. Ignore the stares of those around you; this simply aerates the wine and circulates it throughout your mouth.

Again, you’ll encounter a wide range of fruit, flower, herb, mineral, barrel and other flavors, and if you’ve done your sniffing homework, most will follow right along where the aromas left off. Aside from simply identifying flavors, you are also using your taste buds to determine if the wine is balanced, harmonious, complex, evolved, and complete.

13，品味

终于到了品尝时间！呷一小口，而不是吞一大口，尝试吸吮它，好像是通过吸管吸一样。忽略周围人的注视，;这只是让葡萄酒香气贯穿你的口腔。

此外，你还会感受遇到各种各样的水果，花，草本植物，矿物，橡木桶和其他口味，如果你已经做了嗅闻的功课，那么你会追寻到绝大部分的香踪。除了简单地识别味道之外，您还会使用您的味蕾来判断葡萄酒是否是平衡、和谐、复杂、演变的和完熟。

Balanced

A balanced wine should have its basic flavor components in good proportion. Our taste buds detect sweet, sour, salty, and bitter.

Sweet (residual sugar) and sour (acidity) are obviously important components of wine. Saltiness is rarely encountered and bitterness should be more a feeling of astringency (from tannins) than actual bitter flavors.

Most dry wines will display a mix of flavors derived from the aromas, along with the tastes of the acids, tannins and alcohol, which cannot generally be detected simply by smell.

There is no single formula for all wines, but there should always be balance between the flavors. If a wine is too sour, too sugary, too astringent, too hot (alcoholic), too bitter, or too flabby (lack of acid) then it is not a well-balanced wine. If it is young, it is not likely to age well; if it is old, it may be falling apart or perhaps completely gone.

14，均衡

平衡的葡萄酒应该是基本风味成分比例完美。我们的味蕾能够发现甜，酸，咸，苦。

甜（残糖）和酸（酸度）显然是葡萄酒的重要组成部分。咸味很少遇到，苦涩味（来自单宁）比实际的苦味要收敛很多。

大多数干葡萄酒将显示出来自香气的风味混合物，以及酸味，单宁和酒精的味道，这些通常无法仅通过嗅觉检测到。

所有的葡萄酒都没有单一的配方，但口味之间应该保持平衡。如果葡萄酒太酸，太甜，太涩，太辣（酒精），太苦，或者太松弛（缺乏酸），那么它就不是一个平衡的葡萄酒。如果它是年轻的，它就不能很好地老化；如果它是已被熟化的，它可能会味道残破甚至完全走味。

Harmonious

A harmonious wine has all of its flavors seamlessly integrated. It’s quite possible, especially in young wines, for all the components to be present in the wine in good proportion, but they stick out. They can be easily identified, but you can feel all the edges; they have not blended together. It’s a sign of very good winemaking when a young wine has already come together and presents its flavors harmoniously.

15，和谐

和谐的葡萄酒会无缝融合的所有风味。特别是在年轻的葡萄酒中，所有的成分都能以很好的比例地呈现在葡萄酒中，但是它们会突出某一成分。他们很容易被识别，但你可以感受到所有的边缘；他们没有混为一团。当一个年轻的葡萄酒已经聚合了所有风味，并呈现出和谐的味道时，那么这是一个非常好的葡萄酒酿造的标志。

Complex

Complexity can mean many things. Your ability to detect and appreciate complexity in wine will become a good gauge of your overall progress in learning how to taste wine.

The simplest flavors to recognize—very ripe, jammy fruit and strong vanilla flavors from various oak treatments—are reminiscent of soft drinks. It is perfectly natural for new wine drinkers to relate to them first, because they are familiar and likeable. Some extremely successful wine brands have been formulated to offer these flavors in abundance. But they do not offer complexity.

Complex wines seem to dance in your mouth. They change, even as you’re tasting them. They are like good paintings; the more you look at them the more there is to see. In older wines, these complexities sometimes evolve into the realm of the sublime. The length of a wine, whether old or young, is one good indication of complexity. Simply note how long the flavors linger after you swallow. You might even try looking at your watch if you have a particularly interesting wine in your glass. Most beginning wine drinkers move on too quickly to the next sip when a really good wine is in the glass. Hold on! Let the wine finish its dance before you change partners.

16，复杂性

复杂性意味着很多事情。您发现和鉴赏葡萄酒复杂性的能力将成为您在学习品尝葡萄酒方面整体进展的一个很好的衡量标准。

来自各种橡木处理品种最易辨识口味是—— 非常成熟，质地好的水果和强烈的香草味，让人想起软饮料。新的饮酒者首先将他们联系起来是非常自然的，因为他们熟悉和喜欢这些味道。一些非常成功的葡萄酒品牌已经构造了浓郁的这类味道。但是它们不提供复杂性。

复杂的葡萄酒就像在你嘴里跳舞。即使你正品尝他们，他们也会发生改变。他们就像好的绘画作品，你看得越仔细，就会发现更多内容。在较老的葡萄酒中，这些复杂性有时会达到崇高的境界。无论年份久或新，葡萄酒的长度，都是一个很好的复杂性标志。你只需注意你吞咽后味道持续多久。如果你的酒杯里有一种特别有趣的葡萄酒，你甚至可以试着看看手表。大多数刚开始喝酒的人在喝一杯真正的好酒时都喝得太快了。坚持一会儿！在改变舞伴之前让酒跳完舞。

Complete

A complete wine is balanced, harmonious, complex and evolved, with a lingering, satisfying finish. Such wines deserve extra attention, because they have more to offer, in terms of both pleasure and training, than any others you will taste.

Now that you understand the basic steps with our wine tasting tips, it’s time to experiment on your own. It can be quite helpful to build a wine journal of your adventures. Write complete tasting notes for wines you like and dislike. Noting the characteristics that each wine shares will be immensely helpful as you start learning how to choose wine on your own. Cheers!

结语

成品葡萄酒是平衡的，和谐的，复杂的和富于变化的，有令人难忘的悠长回味。 这些葡萄酒值得额外的关注，因为无论就鉴赏或者训练品味而言，它们都会提供更多内容。

现在，您已了解我们就品酒所提示的基本步骤，现在是您自己实践的时候了。 这对您开始自己的葡萄酒探索之旅会很有帮助。 为您喜欢和不喜欢的葡萄酒做完整的品酒笔记。 记下每款你所分享的酒的特征，对你将来独自选酒会帮助极大。干杯！